Skip to main content

Understanding the Nature of the Transnational Scam-Related Fraud: Challenges and Solutions from Vietnam’s Perspective

Hai Thanh Luong ; Hieu Minh Ngo (2024) — Laws

View Original Source (opens in a new tab)

DOI: 10.3390/laws13060070 (opens in a new tab)

Type:   Journal Article
Country:   Australia
Tags:   AI-Enabled Fraud, Cambodia, Crime Scripts, Cross Cultural, Forced Criminality, Human Trafficking, Law Enforcement, Offender Tactics, Pig Butchering, Platform Policy, Prevention, Social Media Scams, Transnational Scam Fraud, Vietnam
What do these research terms mean?
Preprint
A manuscript shared before formal peer review and publication. Check whether a later published version is available.
Dataset
A collection of data or examples for others to inspect or reuse. It can appear in Library search and topic mapping, but RSRC does not use dataset records as evidence in Research Insights.
Dissertation or thesis
Research submitted for an academic degree. This describes its format, not its reliability.
Journal article
An article published in a journal. This label alone does not establish peer review, study quality, or how well the findings apply elsewhere.
Qualitative research
Examines experiences, meanings, or processes, often through interviews or observations. It can explain how something happens without estimating how common it is.
Quantitative research
Uses numerical measurements to describe patterns or test relationships. A relationship between two measurements does not by itself show that one causes the other.
Systematic review
Uses a planned, documented method to find and assess research addressing a question. Its conclusions still depend on the included studies and what the search covered.
Meta-analysis
Statistically combines results from multiple studies. Combining studies does not remove weaknesses in their design or make unlike populations interchangeable.
Not classified
This record has no recognized label in this filter. It does not mean the publication used no method, or that no research exists.

Definitions draw on DataCite resource types; Cochrane review methods; NLM: association and causation. RSRC’s dataset and classification rules are explained in our methodology.

Citation tools
Download RIS Download BibTeX 


              
              

            

          

        


      

      

    

        
Transparency

        
Evidence and review status

        
This page contains AI-generated content. No human content review or subject-matter-expert review is recorded.

    


    

                    

                
Source basis

                

                    Downloaded PDF
                

            

                    

                
Source updates

                

                    No notice found at last check
                

            

                    

                
AI-generated page content

                

                    Yes
                

            

                    

                
Automated checks

                

                    Passed
                

            

                    

                
Administrative approval

                

                    Yes
                

            

                    

                
Human content review

                

                    Not recorded
                

            

                    

                
Subject-matter-expert review

                

                    Not recorded
                

            

            


    

        
            How this was prepared
        
        

                            

                    
Source basis

                    

                    
RSRC downloaded and privately stored a copy of the paper for internal analysis. The PDF is not offered to viewers from this page.


                                            
    
                                                            
  • 
                                    PDF added to RSRC:
                                    
                                
    • 
                                                    

                    
                                        

                

                            

                    
Source updates

                    

                    
No incoming update notice was found in the dated Crossref response. Coverage is incomplete, particularly for corrections and expressions of concern; this is not a guarantee that the source is valid or unchanged.


                                            
    
                                                            
  • 
                                    Last source-status attempt:
                                    
                                
    • 
                                                    

                    
                                        

                

                            

                    
AI-generated page content

                    

                    
AI-generated research notes displayed on this page: Synopsis, Identified gaps, Methods, Limitations, Future work. The paper itself is not described as AI-generated.


                                            
    
                                                            
  • 
                                    Document analysis recorded:
                                    
                                
    • 
                                                            
  • 
                                    Page record updated:
                                    
                                
    • 
                                                    

                    
                                        

                

                            

                    
Automated checks

                    

                    
The current, source-bound synopsis passed the recorded versioned publication checks.


                                            
    
                                                            
  • 
                                    Checks completed:
                                    
                                
    • 
                                                    

                    
                                            

                            
                                View passed checks (3)
                            
                            
    
                                                                    
  • Length, completeness, repetition, refusal, boilerplate, and active-markup screening
    • 
                                                                    
  • Numerical claims checked against the available source text
    • 
                                                                    
  • English-source lexical grounding check
    • 
                                                            

                        

                                        

                

                            

                    
Administrative approval

                    

                    
The record is approved for public display, but a complete historical administrator action is not recorded.


                    
                                        

                

                            

                    
Human content review

                    

                    
No human review is recorded for the AI-generated content displayed on this page.


                    
                                        

                

                            

                    
Subject-matter-expert review

                    

                    
RSRC has not recorded review of this content by a subject-matter or methods expert.


                    
                                        

                

                    

    


    

        Review-state definitions

        Found a possible error?
        Request a correction.
    



    



              

        
                  

            
Synopsis

            
Qualitative case-based analysis combining primary and secondary materials. Primary sources included a 2022-2023 GASA report on Vietnam, case materials from the second author's personal database, and observations shared at 2023-2024 workshops and conferences. Secondary sources included Vietnamese gray literature, newspapers, social media, and online media. The study identifies eight scam categories, including high-profit investments, fake jobs, romance dating, gambling, loan scams, impersonation, malware, and phishing. Scammers prevent victims from withdrawing larger deposits by claiming system errors, wrong account details, or incomplete tasks. Evidence on senior Chinese organizers is limited because few have been arrested or prosecuted in Vietnam, scam networks relocate after disruption, and mutual legal assistance is limited.

          

        
                  

            
Identified Gaps

            
The paper identifies little local-level evidence on the convergence of human trafficking and cyber-enabled crime, despite regional reports. It reports a lack of empirical research focused on individual Southeast Asian countries, limiting comparison of pig-butchering compound characteristics. It also notes few in-depth studies of technology's role in cross-border scam fraud affecting Vietnam.

          

        
                  

            
Methods

            
Qualitative case-based analysis combining primary and secondary materials. Primary sources included a 2022–2023 GASA report on Vietnam, case materials from the second author's personal database, and observations shared at 2023–2024 workshops and conferences. Secondary sources included Vietnamese gray literature, newspapers, social media, and online media. The study used crime-script analysis and Draw.io visualization to describe scam processes and enterprise structure.

          

        
                  

            
Limitations

            
Evidence on senior Chinese organizers is limited because few have been arrested or prosecuted in Vietnam, scam networks relocate after disruption, and mutual legal assistance is limited. The authors cannot legally confirm top organizers' specific activities or exact locations. Their records also do not establish ethnic targeting motives, and observations about ethnic-minority risk are not definitive. The study did not examine the political-economy/online-scam-operation hypothesis.

          

        
                  

            
Future Work

            
Conduct empirical, country-level research on pig-butchering compounds to enable comparison across Southeast Asia. Examine the untested relationship between political economy and online scam operations. Develop comprehensive technology-focused reports and analyses to clarify scale and inform anti-trafficking initiatives. The authors also invite collaboration to improve strategies and solutions.

          

              

    
    

        
Related Research Insights

        

            See how this publication connects to RSRC's living evidence syntheses through current citations and research-topic mapping.