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The Language of Romance Crimes

Carter, E. (2024) — The Language of Romance Crimes

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DOI: 10.1017/9781009273008 (opens in a new tab)

Type:   Journal Article
Country:   United Kingdom
Tags:   Coercive Control, Financial Abuse, Forensic Linguistics, Grooming, Online Dating, Romance Scams, Sextortion, Threatening Communications
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Synopsis

            
The study qualitatively analyses 71 representative message extracts from 30 romance-fraud cases. Victims provided case data with informed consent and university ethical approval; sextortion cases were supplemented by victim-authorised public correspondence, often with victim messages redacted. The study finds that sextortion in romance fraud is prepared in advance as a financial backup when the relationship no longer yields money. Fraudsters counter requests for video or in-person verification by reframing them as evidence that the victim lacks trust. Sextortion cases were difficult to access because reporting does not capture sextortion within romance fraud and compounded shame suppresses reporting.

          

        
                  

            
Identified Gaps

            
The paper identifies a dearth of empirical research on the language of fraud and on sextortion embedded in romance fraud. Legal and data-system separation of fraud from sextortion obscures their co-produced nature, limits sensitive-data access, and prevents reporting mechanisms from capturing sextortion within romance fraud. The author also identifies under-research of the intentional acquisition of intimate content for later financial extortion.

          

        
                  

            
Methods

            
The study qualitatively analyses 71 representative message extracts from 30 romance-fraud cases. Victims provided case data with informed consent and university ethical approval; sextortion cases were supplemented by victim-authorised public correspondence, often with victim messages redacted. Critical discourse analysis and conversation-analytic principles examine interactional tactics across romance, transition, finance, and post-romance sextortion stages.

          

        
                  

            
Limitations

            
Sextortion cases were difficult to access because reporting does not capture sextortion within romance fraud and compounded shame suppresses reporting. Consequently, sextortion material came from public victim-authorised sources and often contained little or no victim content because it had been redacted. The corpus is qualitative and consists of selected representative extracts, limiting direct assessment of prevalence or generalisability.

          

        
                  

            
Future Work

            
Develop public-facing protection messaging that represents romance fraud as progressive grooming rather than isolated, obvious money requests. Improve police response, victim aftercare, and reporting mechanisms so romance-fraud-related sextortion is captured rather than siloed from fraud. Use the identified interactional stages and tactics to support evidence-based prevention and protection guidance.

          

              

    
    

        
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