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‘Should’ve known better’: Using Lerner’s Belief in a Just World to understand how the Fraud Justice Network observe victims of online romance and investment frauds

Nataraj-Hansen, Shalini (2023) — International Review of Victimology

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DOI: 10.1177/02697580231167901 (opens in a new tab)

Type:   Journal Article
Country:   Australia
Tags:   AI-Enabled Fraud, Belief In A Just World, Fraud Justice Network, Investment Fraud, Law Enforcement, Online Fraud, Professional Perspectives, Psychology, Romance Scams, Victim Blame, Victim Experience, Victim Support
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Synopsis

            
This article investigates how Lerner’s Belief in a Just World (BJW) helps explain how professionals within the Fraud Justice Network (FJN) perceive victims of online romance and investment fraud. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 14 FJN representatives and employing thematic analysis, the study asks whether BJW is expressed among FJN professionals and, if so, how it shapes judgments about victims’ blame, responsibility, and deservedness of justice. The work situates online fraud as a high-loss, emotionally charged crime and situates the FJN as a loose, cross-agency network that guides reporting, investigation, and victim support. Three core themes emerge from the data. First, victims are seen as exercising behavioral responsibility or agency, rather than being purely unlucky targets. Second, agency is framed as blameworthy when victims demonstrate gullibility or make questionable choices, though this blame is tempered when loneliness or manipulation is acknowledged. Third, despite blame directed at victims, the professionals express a belief that victims deserve justice and the resources and attention needed to pursue it. Across these themes, BJW appears in professional discourse, shaping how agents attribute responsibility and how they envision outcomes for victims. The article discusses implications for policy and practice, noting that the persistence of victim-blaming discourses can impede empathetic support and effective reporting. It argues that reframing victims as people in need of assistance—rather than as responsible agents—could improve intervention, reporting, and access to justice, while acknowledging the study’s limitations, including a small, self-selected sample that may not generalize to the broader FJN.

          

        
                  

            
Identified Gaps

            
The paper identifies limited application of Belief in a Just World theory to online fraud and little knowledge of how Fraud Justice Network professionals perceive victims. It notes no known Australian study from Fraud Justice Network professionals' perspectives on romance or investment fraud victims and justice. It also indicates that few empirical studies have examined professional perceptions of online fraud.

          

        
                  

            
Methods

            
The study conducted 14 semi-structured interviews with Australian Fraud Justice Network professionals in policing, private investigation, finance, cybersecurity, investment fraud expertise, and law. Interviews used romance-fraud and investment-fraud vignettes and open-ended questions about victims, blame, justice, and reporting. Conducted from August 2020 to April 2021, interviews averaged 60 minutes. Data were openly coded in NVivo and analyzed thematically, producing themes of agency, gullibility and compensation, and deservedness of justice.

          

        
                  

            
Limitations

            
The study used a small, self-selecting sample of 14 Fraud Justice Network professionals, so participants' views may not generalize to the broader network. The sample was heavily male and years of professional experience were not formally collected. Because Belief in a Just World was not quantitatively measured, the study cannot determine participants' level of adherence to that belief.

          

        
                  

            
Future Work

            
Future research should test causal links between adherence to Belief in a Just World and victim blame in online fraud. It should also use larger, representative samples of Fraud Justice Network professionals. The discussion further supports examining whether empathetic, evidence-based institutional interventions, referrals, and myth-debunking campaigns improve help-seeking, reporting, and early intervention.

          

              

    
    

        
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