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A Legal Analysis on Online Fraud Using Fake Identity

Juneidi Hasibuan ; Syafrudin Syam (2023) — Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science

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DOI: 10.55324/ijoms.v2i10.574 (opens in a new tab)

Type:   Journal Article
Country:   Indonesia
Tags:   AI-Enabled Fraud, Catfishing, Cross Cultural, Fake Identity, Law Enforcement, Legal Accountability, Measurement, Online Dating Platforms, Online Fraud, Prevention, Psychology, Romance Scams, Victim Experience
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Synopsis

            
The publication presents a legal analysis of online fraud conducted under fake identities, commonly referred to as catfishing. Its stated purpose is to examine legal accountability for catfishing and to understand how different jurisdictions respond to online fraud that relies on false identities. The authors employ document analysis and literature review, drawing on laws, court decisions, and scholarly sources to map how catfishing intersects with criminal and cybercrime frameworks. The study reports that catfishing can amount to illegal acts in some countries and under certain legal regimes, with specific attention to Indonesian law. It discusses the Criminal Code’s general fraud provisions and explains how Law No. 11 of 2008 on Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE) and related articles can be used to prosecute online fraud, even when fraudsters use fake identities. The authors also note substantive enforcement challenges, including difficulties in identifying perpetrators, cross-border jurisdiction concerns, evidence limitations, and the evolving technical means used to disguise identities. In addition to legal analysis, the article surveys factors that hinder law enforcement, such as victim embarrassment, social stigma, regulatory gaps, and technological sophistication. It emphasizes the need for improved collaboration among government, law enforcement, online platforms, and the public to strengthen accountability and protect victims. The authors conclude with practical guidance cautioning readers about online scams and calling for a robust legal framework that can address the unique features of online fraud, while acknowledging the limitations of current enforcement tools and the patchwork of international regulation. The synthesis is grounded in the source material and avoids unsupported extrapolation beyond what the cited authorities and analyses claim.

          

        
                  

            
Identified Gaps

            
The paper identifies gaps in clear, specific legal rules for online catfish fraud; compatibility of regulations across countries; cross-border enforcement and information exchange; and authorities' technical capacity to identify offenders using anonymous accounts, VPNs, photo manipulation, and artificial intelligence. It also identifies victim-reporting barriers related to shame, stigma, fear, and limited evidence.

          

        
                  

            
Methods

            
This is a legal doctrinal-style study using document analysis and literature review. The authors searched scientific journals and books, analyzed relevant texts and legal documents, including laws, regulations, court decisions, and government policies, and used a documentation technique to analyze the collected material.

          

        
                  

            
Limitations

            
The study relies on documents and literature rather than primary victim, offender, platform, or law-enforcement data. The supplied text does not specify search databases, inclusion criteria, the number of sources reviewed, or a systematic analytic procedure. Its conclusions therefore provide broad legal and conceptual discussion but limited empirical evidence about prevalence, victim experiences, reporting, or intervention effectiveness.

          

        
                  

            
Future Work

            
Future research could assess which cross-border cooperation, platform measures, and public-awareness approaches most effectively improve identification, reporting, victim protection, and accountability in catfishing cases. Research could also examine legal frameworks that address rapidly evolving digital disguise technologies and inconsistent jurisdictional rules.

          

              

    
    

        
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