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Living Evidence Synthesis

Revision history

Psychological and Financial Harms

Approved public versions are listed newest first. Drafts, unsuccessful generation attempts, and versions not yet published through this Research Insight are excluded.

Approved public versions

  1. Version 34

    Initial version.

    • Publications: 28 (-12)
    • Evidence statements: 126 (-56)
    • Cited sources: 28 (-12)

    Sources added: A Guide to Understanding Romance Fraud; Analysis of a Cryptocurrency Investment Scam: Pig Butchering; An Explorative Study of Pig Butchering Scams; A scoping review of online romance scams: Conceptual construction and comparative analysis; and 7 more.

    Sources removed: A qualitative investigation of the emotional, physiological, financial, and legal consequences of online romance scams in the United States; A Study on Romance Scam : The Current Situation and Effective Countermeasures; Cyber Romance Scam Victimization Analysis using Routine Activity Theory Versus Apriori Algorithm; Educating students on the behavioral and psychological aspects of romance scam victimization via a social engineering competition; and 19 more.

  2. Version 33

    Automated claim-level support repair round 1, correcting 6 passages from synthesis version 32.

  3. Version 32

    Automated evidence-grounded revision attempt 1. Initial version.

    • Publications: 40 (-3)
    • Evidence statements: 182 (-8)
    • Cited sources: 40 (-3)

    Sources added: HeartGuard VR: Immersive Romance Scam Education; Romance Scams and Older Adults: A Health and Social Care Perspective; What do we know about online romance fraud studies? A systematic review of the empirical literature (2000 to 2021).

    Sources removed: Analyzing the Evolving Modus Operandi of Romance Scams via Court Judgments: Crime Script and Policy Implications; Mapping Computer Mediated Communication Theories and Persuasive Strategies in Analysing Online Dating Romance Scam; Online Romance Scams: Relational Dynamics and Psychological Characteristics of the Victims and Scammers. A Scoping Review; ROMANCE AND RUIN: THE INTERPLAY OF FINANCIAL LOSS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG LOVE SCAM VICTIMS IN THE PHILIPPINES; and 2 more.

  4. Version 31

    Initial version: this synthesis was prepared from the supplied reviewed evidence records and consolidates documented financial, psychological, sexual‑exploitation, social, methodological, and policy‑relevant findings. It reflects the evidence contributions and future‑research recommendations explicitly reported in the reviewed corpus; no prior version changes apply.

    • Publications: 43 (+20)
    • Evidence statements: 190 (+61)
    • Cited sources: 43 (+20)

    Sources added: Analyzing the Evolving Modus Operandi of Romance Scams via Court Judgments: Crime Script and Policy Implications; A qualitative investigation of the emotional, physiological, financial, and legal consequences of online romance scams in the United States; Cyber Romance Scam Victimization Analysis using Routine Activity Theory Versus Apriori Algorithm; Do we need to know about cyberscams in neurorehabilitation? A cross-sectional scoping survey of Australasian clinicians and service providers; and 20 more.

    Sources removed: Analysis of a Cryptocurrency Investment Scam: Pig Butchering; Digital Desires, Real Losses: The Complex World of Online Romance Fraud; The Use of Military Profiles in Romance Fraud Schemes; Unveiling the Patterns of Romance Scams in South Korea.

  5. Version 30

    Automated claim-level support repair round 1, correcting 6 passages from synthesis version 29.

  6. Version 29

    Automated evidence-grounded revision attempt 1. Initial version.

    • Publications: 23 (+1)
    • Evidence statements: 129 (+5)
    • Cited sources: 23 (+1)

    Sources added: Digital Desires, Real Losses: The Complex World of Online Romance Fraud; Romance baiting, cryptorom and ‘pig butchering’: an evolutionary step in romance fraud; To pay or not to pay: An exploratory analysis of sextortion in the context of romance fraud.

    Sources removed: Connecting Chinese and American Scam Victims; What do we know about online romance fraud studies? A systematic review of the empirical literature (2000 to 2021).

  7. Version 28

    Initial version: this synthesis is the first generated evidence synthesis for the controlled topic using the supplied reviewed evidence records and their condensed claims.

    • Publications: 22 (-6)
    • Evidence statements: 124 (-22)
    • Cited sources: 22 (-6)

    Sources added: Analysis of a Cryptocurrency Investment Scam: Pig Butchering; Devices of Textual Illusion: Victimization in Romance Scam E-Letters; Educating students on the behavioral and psychological aspects of romance scam victimization via a social engineering competition; Exploring Fear of Crime for Those Targeted by Romance Fraud; and 4 more.

    Sources removed: Amor, dependencia y aislamiento: El impacto psicológico del romance scam; Analyzing the Evolving Modus Operandi of Romance Scams via Court Judgments: Crime Script and Policy Implications; Beyond Dollars: Unveiling the Deeper Layers of Online Romance Scams Introducing “Body Scam”; E-Marketing: Utilizing Social Media and Marketplaces to Start Businesses for Online Love Scam Victims in Indonesia; and 10 more.

  8. Version 27

    Automated claim-level support repair round 1, correcting 4 passages from synthesis version 26.

  9. Version 26

    Automated evidence-grounded revision attempt 1. Initial version.

    • Publications: 28 (-5)
    • Evidence statements: 146 (-10)
    • Cited sources: 28 (-5)

    Sources removed: An Anatomy of ‘Pig Butchering Scams’: Chinese Victims’ and Police Officers’ Perspectives; Digital Desires, Real Losses: The Complex World of Online Romance Fraud; The tinder swindler: Analyzing public sentiments of romance fraud using machine learning and artificial intelligence; Using artificial intelligence (AI) and deepfakes to deceive victims: the need to rethink current romance fraud prevention messaging; and 1 more.

  10. Version 25

    Initial version synthesizing the supplied reviewed evidence on psychological, social, physical, and financial consequences for victims of romance- and relationship-based online fraud. No prior-version evidence changes to report.

    • Publications: 33 (-8)
    • Evidence statements: 156 (-34)
    • Cited sources: 33 (-8)

    Sources added: Amor, dependencia y aislamiento: El impacto psicológico del romance scam; An Anatomy of ‘Pig Butchering Scams’: Chinese Victims’ and Police Officers’ Perspectives; Connecting Chinese and American Scam Victims; Digital Desires, Real Losses: The Complex World of Online Romance Fraud; and 7 more.

    Sources removed: A scoping review of online romance scams: Conceptual construction and comparative analysis; Bi-Directional Exploitation of Human Trafficking Victims: Both Targets and Perpetrators in Cybercrime; Contextualised Cyber Security Awareness Approach for Online Romance Fraud; Devices of Textual Illusion: Victimization in Romance Scam E-Letters; and 15 more.

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