Skip to main content

“Elder Scam” Risk Profiles: Individual and Situational Factors of Younger and Older Age Groups’ Fraud Victimization

Parti, Katalin (2022) — International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence & Cybercrime

View Original Source (opens in a new tab)

DOI: 10.52306/2578-3289.1117 (opens in a new tab)

Type:   Journal Article
Country:   United States
Tags:   Cross Cultural, Older Adults, Online Fraud, Prevention, Repeat Victimization, Risk Factors, Romance Scams, Victim Experience
Citation tools
Download RIS Download BibTeX 


              
              

            

          

        


      

      

    

        
Transparency

        
Evidence and review status

        
This page contains AI-generated content. No human content review or subject-matter-expert review is recorded.

    


    

                    

                
Source basis

                

                    Downloaded PDF
                

            

                    

                
AI-generated page content

                

                    Yes
                

            

                    

                
Automated checks

                

                    Passed
                

            

                    

                
Administrative approval

                

                    Yes
                

            

                    

                
Human content review

                

                    Not recorded
                

            

                    

                
Subject-matter-expert review

                

                    Not recorded
                

            

            


    

        
            How this was prepared
        
        

                            

                    
Source basis

                    

                    
RSRC downloaded and privately stored a copy of the paper for internal analysis. The PDF is not offered to viewers from this page.


                                            
    
                                                            
  • 
                                    PDF added to RSRC:
                                    
                                
    • 
                                                    

                    
                                        

                

                            

                    
AI-generated page content

                    

                    
AI-generated research notes displayed on this page: Synopsis, Identified gaps, Methods, Limitations, Future work. The paper itself is not described as AI-generated.


                                            
    
                                                            
  • 
                                    Document analysis recorded:
                                    
                                
    • 
                                                            
  • 
                                    Synopsis generation recorded:
                                    
                                
    • 
                                                            
  • 
                                    Page record updated:
                                    
                                
    • 
                                                    

                    
                                        

                

                            

                    
Automated checks

                    

                    
The current, source-bound synopsis passed the recorded versioned publication checks.


                                            
    
                                                            
  • 
                                    Checks completed:
                                    
                                
    • 
                                                    

                    
                                            

                            
                                View passed checks (3)
                            
                            
    
                                                                    
  • Length, completeness, repetition, refusal, boilerplate, and active-markup screening
    • 
                                                                    
  • Numerical claims checked against the available source text
    • 
                                                                    
  • English-source lexical grounding check
    • 
                                                            

                        

                                        

                

                            

                    
Administrative approval

                    

                    
An authenticated administrator approved the bibliographic record for public Library display. This is not a review of every research claim.


                                            
    
                                                            
  • 
                                    Approved for public display:
                                    
                                
    • 
                                                    

                    
                                        

                

                            

                    
Human content review

                    

                    
No human review is recorded for the AI-generated content displayed on this page.


                    
                                        

                

                            

                    
Subject-matter-expert review

                    

                    
RSRC has not recorded review of this content by a subject-matter or methods expert.


                    
                                        

                

                    

    


    

        Review-state definitions

        Found a possible error?
        Request a correction.
    



    



              

        
                  

            
Synopsis

            
The article investigates how individual characteristics and daily activities relate to online fraud victimization, and whether these patterns differ between younger (18–54) and older (55+) adults. The study combines the General Theory of Crime with Lifestyle-Rifestyle Routine Activities Theory to test how self-control, online lifestyle factors, and guardianship influence six scam types drawn from the FBI elder fraud list. A national sample of 2,558 U.S. adults, representative by age, sex, and race, was analyzed, with participants divided into two age groups for separate logistic regression analyses. The dependent variables are six binary indications of scam victimization (private info, IT support, grandparent/romance, company impersonation, advance-fee, and other impersonation scams) experienced in the past year, with additional harm outcomes recorded for those reporting victimization. The findings indicate that low self-control and certain routine-online activities predict victimization across the online-scam outcomes, though the strength and significance of effects vary by age and scam type. In general, self-control showed a stronger predictive pattern for older adults, while one exception was the grandparent scam, which showed a different pattern by age. The analysis also examined lifestyle-exposure and guardianship factors, including hours online, use of multiple online services, perceived computer knowledge, and the use of protective technologies or nontechnical safeguards. The study highlights that employment can function as a protective factor for older individuals in some online fraud scenarios, and that older adults report greater reluctance to seek help or report fraud than younger adults. The authors note that reporting behavior differs by age, which has implications for understanding and preventing elder fraud. They call for further research to refine LRAT measures for scams and to explore how guardianship and help-seeking behaviors interact with age to influence victimization. The article does not provide policy recommendations beyond these suggested research directions.

          

        
                  

            
Identified Gaps

            
Existing lifestyle-routine activities measures may not capture scams initiated by phone contact and sustained through emotional manipulation. The timing and effects of reporting or help-seeking on repeat victimization are unknown. The study identifies a need for scam-specific measures of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and capable guardians, plus research on trust, mental health, cognitive decline, education, and employment-related protection.

          

        
                  

            
Methods

            
A 2020 online survey of 2,558 U.S. adults, nationally representative by age, sex, and race, compared adults aged 18–54 and 55+. Separate logistic regressions modeled six past-year online scam scenarios using self-control, lifestyle-routine activities, guardianship, demographics, and reporting/help-seeking variables. Respondents were classified as victims only when they reported harmful consequences, such as financial loss or distress.

          

        
                  

            
Limitations

            
The survey could not determine whether reporting or help-seeking occurred after an initial or repeated scam, so causal or preventive effects cannot be inferred. It was not designed to measure subsequent victimization. Standard online-activity and guardianship variables may inadequately measure sophisticated, emotionally manipulative scams, many of which began by phone contact.

          

        
                  

            
Future Work

            
Develop scam-specific measures for sophisticated, emotionally manipulative scams; identify technical and nontechnical guardians that prevent such fraud; test whether reporting and help-seeking reduce repeat victimization; examine trust, mental health, cognitive decline, education, employment-related risks, secure workplace networks, and age-appropriate employee training.

          

              

    
    

        
Related Research Insights

        

            See how this publication connects to RSRC's living evidence syntheses through current citations and research-topic mapping.