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Meeting the Challenges of Fraud in a Digital World

Cassandra Cross (2022) — The Handbook of Security

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Total citations · Google Scholar
18
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3.6

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18 citations ÷ 5 calendar years (2022–2026). The first and last years may be partial. This is a lifetime average, not a year-by-year citation history.

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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91735-7_11 (opens in a new tab)

Type:   Journal Article
Country:   Global
Tags:   Cross Border Policing, Digital Fraud, Prevention, Psychological Abuse, Romance Scams, Social Engineering, Victim Support, Victim Vulnerability
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Synopsis

            
The publication surveys fraud in the digital era, foregrounding how technology and online environments have expanded both the reach and complexity of offending. It frames fraud as a cyber-enabled, cross-channel phenomenon that blends online and offline techniques, with offenders leveraging multiple communication platforms (email, social media, text, phone, in person) to deceive victims. The chapter’s purpose is to summarize what is known about fraud, including its categories, how it is perpetrated, who is vulnerable, and how policing, prevention, and victim support operate today. It emphasizes that despite long-standing recognition of fraud, the online context has created new challenges for law enforcement, policy makers, and service providers, underscoring the need to rethink current practices. The work highlights several prevalent fraud categories, including advance fee fraud, romance fraud, and business email compromise, and it explains common techniques such as social engineering and psychological abuse that exploit human vulnerabilities. It discusses who is vulnerable, noting that there is no universal victim profile and that risk can shift with life circumstances, age, and other factors. The analysis also covers harms beyond financial losses, including physical safety, emotional well-being, relationships, and reputation, and it addresses gaps in policing and victim support. Finally, it reviews prevention and response efforts, arguing for messaging that centers on the act of requesting money or information, rather than enumerating every possible scam, and it describes emerging support programs for fraud victims in several countries. The chapter notes ongoing challenges and the need for stronger evaluation, coordination, and resource allocation to reduce victimization and improve recovery.

          

        
                  

            
Identified Gaps

            
The chapter identifies a paucity of evaluated fraud-prevention interventions despite the growing global fraud problem. It also describes inconsistent public prevention messaging, insufficient knowledge of fraud-specific banking red flags, and a global shortage of services supporting fraud victims' recovery. Evidence on whether older adults are more susceptible to fraud is mixed, although vulnerability may differ by fraud type.

          

        
                  

            
Methods

            
Narrative handbook chapter synthesizing cited research, official fraud-loss reports, and examples of policing, prevention, and victim-support programs. It reviews fraud categories, offender tactics, victim vulnerability, harms, policing barriers, prevention, and support. Romance-fraud-specific claims draw on prior studies, including a cited analysis of 21 victim narratives.

          

        
                  

            
Limitations

            
This is a broad, descriptive synthesis rather than a new empirical study. It does not report a systematic search, selection criteria, quality appraisal, or original data collection. Romance fraud is one category within a wider fraud review, so its claims are mainly based on cited prior research rather than detailed primary evidence in this chapter.

          

        
                  

            
Future Work

            
Develop and rigorously evaluate fraud-prevention programs using robust measures of effectiveness. Test prevention messages that focus on requests for money or personal information rather than changing scam plotlines. Improve banks' understanding of victimization and identify transaction red flags relevant to authorized fraud transfers. Expand and resource victim-support services and staff training.

          

              

    
    

        
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