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Menguak Kerentanan Gender dalam Love Scam dan Strategi Perlindungannya

Rumangga Putratama Napitupulu ; Adrianus E. Meliala (2026) — Journal of Citizenship

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DOI: 10.37950/joc.v4i2.620 (opens in a new tab)

Country:   Indonesia
Tags:   Digital Literacy, Emotional Manipulation, Gender Vulnerability, Indonesia, Love Scam, Online Dating Platforms, Romance Scams, Victim Protection
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Synopsis

            
The publication presents a structured literature review that investigates gender-based vulnerabilities in love scams within Indonesia and explores protective strategies. Its stated aim is to understand how gender dynamics shape victimization, identify patterns in offender targeting, and propose evidence-informed safeguards. The authors synthesize 32 national and international studies to depict how online romance fraud operates at the intersection of psychology, social norms, and digital platforms, emphasizing emotional manipulation as the core tactic and highlighting how cultural expectations—especially patriarchal norms—shape who is most at risk. Methodologically, the study applies a systematic review approach to assess existing research on victim characteristics, threat factors, and prevention or protection measures. The synthesis points to women, particularly unmarried or emotionally vulnerable individuals, as primary targets, while non-binary individuals face heightened risk stemming from social isolation and stigma. The research also notes that perpetrators frequently rely on deceptive profiles and intimate storytelling to manipulation victims, with additional concerns including identity theft and long-term psychological harm. Based on these insights, the authors advocate a multi-pronged protection framework: digital literacy education; gender-sensitive psychological counseling; stronger security and verification on dating platforms; reform of laws to better safeguard victims and address cross-border offenses; and robust cross-sector collaboration among government, platforms, law enforcement, NGOs, and communities. The paper acknowledges limitations, such as a predominant focus on female victims, uneven geographic representation, and gaps in research on gender non-binary and male victims. It concludes that addressing love scams requires an intersectional, context-aware approach that combines technological, legal, psychological, and social interventions to reduce victimization and promote social justice for those affected.

          

        
                  

            
Identified Gaps

            
The reviewed literature gives insufficient attention to non-binary people and men, is often geographically limited, and incompletely applies intersectional analysis. Recent empirical data for Indonesia are limited. Evidence is also scarce on whether protection measures, especially digital-literacy education and gender-sensitive counseling, are effective.

          

        
                  

            
Methods

            
This qualitative-analytic systematic literature review synthesized 32 national and international journals on gender vulnerability in love scams. It used a literature-search protocol with keywords, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and an analytical matrix. The literature corpus, rather than directly recruited participants, was analyzed to identify offender targeting patterns, gender-linked victimization risks, and protection strategies.

          

        
                  

            
Limitations

            
The review is constrained by source studies that primarily focus on women, have geographically specific settings, emphasize offender rather than victim perspectives, use either shallow quantitative analysis or small qualitative samples, and sometimes rely on outdated data. Many studies lack intersectional analysis, current Indonesian empirical data, and evaluations of protection strategies.

          

        
                  

            
Future Work

            
Future research should examine non-binary and male gender vulnerabilities through an intersectional approach; assess dating-platform identity verification and fraud-detection tools; evaluate digital-literacy campaigns for vulnerable groups; study more effective legal frameworks; develop gender-sensitive counseling; and investigate how local cultural pressures, including pressure to marry, affect vulnerability across countries.

          

              

    
    

        
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